原标题：参加2个月美国科研，只为遇到更好的自己
秉持尊重学生和家长隐私的准则，以下所展现的信息，现已去掉灵敏和触及常识产权的信息。
还有N多学术资料，由于常识产权或家长原因，不方便揭露，敬请了解。
本文作者W同学，美高结业后在全美第30名的大学就读，物理专业，专业排名榜首名，Ranking 1/70。她在大学期间，参加了许多学术活动，有必定的实习阅历，喜爱学习，喜爱试验室环境，期望未来能读博士走学术路途。请求美国博士，不只仅需求GPA和GRE成果，更需求杰出厚实的科研布景和3位教授推荐信。为此，与父母沟通后，W同学报名参加了美国名校科研的选拔。参加美国名校科研，增加学术布景，开辟视界，取得真知。
现在美国学界现状，多学科交融开展。许多专业范畴的科研打破，都来自于吸收穿插学科的前沿常识。比方：普林斯顿大学心理学教授丹尼尔与经济学教授史密斯共享诺贝尔经济学奖。这些范畴的穿插科研助理招募的名额，也为学生更好请求博士奠定了实际根底。由于学生一向在美国学习，也参加了本校许多科研，了解到了学科穿插的特色，期望能够收成多学科的常识。科研请求教师将简历发送到了物理、化学、生物、核算等系别，请求科研的面试时机。十分走运，学生取得了一所TOP5大学教授的面试时机。学生活跃预备面试，取得了周期2个月的科研名额。
参加2个月的科研，能够更深化的扩展科研常识，试验设计也愈加灵敏。由于学生仔细参加教授课题，一起与助教活跃沟通，在科研完毕后，顺畅宣布论文一篇。（论文的节选附录在文章完毕，供参阅）
咱们很快乐的看到学生在这次科研学习中还有许多学术常识以外的收成，这些谨慎的试验习气养成会对未来学习大有裨益。学生在科研总结中写到：我发现这是一个很好的办法（及时记载试验主意）关于未来试验，由于每个人都有不同的回忆和一般的细节作业会被忘掉一段时刻后，完毕全部又是浪费时刻和资源，所以我学会了在每个试验后为未来写下留意试验。
作为科研请求教师，咱们想告知每位参加美国科研的孩子，取得推荐信、科研证书、科研陈述、科研经历，其实仅仅是美国科研的根底性收成。更为重要的是，学生经过与顶尖学者、专家的沟通，树立了长时刻的学术方针，让学术才干伴随着生命的生长而开展，让学术赞许生命！
美国科研便是布景前进，方针便是前进本、硕、博选取质量。
科研总结
本文是学生在美国大学科研学习完毕后所写的感触，并在文后附录了学生的科研论文和推荐信，供参阅。
注：中文译文是修改进行的收拾，英语才干较好的学生和家长主张直接阅览英文。
榜首个月
I earned so many lab experiences from first two weeks work with Professor. Firstly we were learning how to use pipettes accurately for the future experiments and I read a paper about glucose metabolism via the pentose phosphate pathway for my future research project. Later two days I learned the dissection of mouse and rat, and I also work on the mouse dissection to collect liver, two kidneys, skeletal muscles, brain, skin and brown fat samples from those mice. Professor taught me patiently about how to use the dissection tools and how to figure out the position of different organs.
在和教授搭档的头两周，我收成了许多试验经历。首要，咱们在学习如安在未来的试验中准确地运用吸管，为了我未来的研讨项目，我阅览了一篇关于戊糖磷酸途径葡萄糖代谢的论文。之后的两天，我学习了小鼠和大鼠的解剖，我也做了小鼠的解剖作业，搜集了小鼠的肝脏、两个肾脏、骨骼肌、大脑、皮肤和棕色脂肪样本。
Furthermore, Professor provided me the opportunity to watch his colleague to perfuse the mouse heart P-31 to let me roughly got the idea of how does the perfuse mostly performed and we also work on P-31 rat heart last week and we detected Pi, PCr, g-ATP, a-ATP, b-ATP. During the experiment we faced many troubles like the buffer was always leaking and the balloon was broke, and we did lots of troubleshoot and remade the balloon with condom. I also learned how to set up and turn on the switches for the buffer flowing correctly. Later on we collected the eight spectra and did the NMR data analysis using the vnmrj software. Professor always patiently explain everything in detail to show me how to analyze NMR data using both vnmrj software and Excel to get the concentration comparison of Pi, PCr, g-ATP, a-ATP, b-ATP in two different analysis ways.
此外，教授还让我有时机观看他的搭档为小鼠心脏P-31灌注，让我大致了解灌注首要是怎么进行的，上星期咱们也对P-31大鼠心脏进行了研讨，咱们检测到了Pi、PCr、g-ATP、a-ATP、b-ATP。在试验过程中，咱们遇到了许多问题，比方缓冲器总是漏水，气球坏了，咱们做了许多的毛病扫除，。我还学习了怎么正确地设置和翻开缓冲流的开关。之后咱们搜集了8个光谱，运用vnmrj软件进行了核磁共振数据剖析。教授总是耐心肠解说每一件事的细节，向我展现怎么运用vnmrj软件和Excel剖析NMR数据，得到Pi、PCr、g-ATP、a-ATP、b-ATP两种不同剖析办法的浓度比较。
Moreover, Professor and I were preparing the extracts for C-13 NMR following the step-by-step protocol, and I gained lots of biology experiment knowledge such as how to use different machines such as centrifuge machine and how to change the oil for Lyophilize. Also, we went to a great seminar about the “The Dog Aging Project: Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Healthy Aging” given by Professor for connecting genetic and environment variables, some interesting facts he found really attract me a lot such as the smaller size of the same breed of dogs can have longer lifespan; different breed of dogs have different types for the high risk cancer; and so on. I’m still doing the C-13 NMR lab for the mouse heart, and thanks for Professor’s huge help to let me always learn the new knowledge and be aware of how to perform accurately from all the aspects.
此外，我和教授依照一步一步的过程来预备C-13 NMR的萃取物，我学到了许多生物学试验常识，比方怎么运用不同的机器，比方离心机，怎么替换油进行冻干。咱们去了一个巨大的研讨会“狗老化项目:遗传和环境要素的健康老龄化”由教授衔接遗传和环境变量,一些风趣的现实他发现真的招引我许多,比方小的巨细相同种类的狗能够有较长的运用寿命;不同种类的狗患高风险癌症的类型也不同;等等。我还在做小鼠心脏的C-13 NMR试验室，感谢教授的巨大协助，让我一向学习新的常识，知道怎么从各个方面准确的履行。
In the second two weeks, I started to mainly focus on how to use NMR machine and do the better job at tuning, lock and shim. The first one I did is the mouse heart in C-12 and there are only six peaks has been detected in the C-12 with reference chemical shift 67.4 ppm (Dioxane). I also learned how to change the probes, there are three probes I changed in this summer: P-31 20mm probe, C-13 10mm probe and C-13 3mm probe(mostly used this one). VT is for the temperature setting and if the temperature is not good, I need to reset VT first and set the airflow as 10 and regulate the temperature again. Also, the spin needs to be set before the tuning but at first we the spin can be 20Hz but later on I don’t know why later on we only can do the spin at 13Hz and 8Hz.
在接下来的两周，我开端首要重视怎么运用NMR机器，以及怎么更好的调优锁片。我做的榜首个试验是C-12中的小鼠心脏，在参阅化学位移67.4 ppm(二恶烷)的情况下，C-12中只检测到6个峰。我还学会了怎么替换探头，今年夏天我换了三个探头:P-31 20mm探头，C-13 10mm探头，C-13 3mm探头(首要用这个)。VT是温度设置，假如温度欠好，我需求先重置VT，将气流设置为10，然后再调理温度。相同，自旋需求在调弦之前设置但一开端咱们的自旋能够是20Hz，但后来我不知道为什么后来咱们只能在13Hz和8Hz处进行自旋。
I also had a small lecture on HPLC so from the lecture, I learned basic knowledge about the principle and advantages for HPLC. Although I don’t need to do with HPLC but I think this mini lecture is still very useful for expanding my knowledge area.
我也有一个关于HPLC的小讲座，从讲座中，我学到了HPLC的原理和长处的基本常识。尽管我不需求运用HPLC，可是我以为这个小讲座关于扩展我的常识面仍是十分有用的。
Later on, I prepared two extracts for C-13 labeled heart by myself, one is the universial C-13 glucose labeled heart and one is the 1-C13 glucose labeled heart. This is the second time I was doing the extract but the first time doing it by myself so I tried to conclude more details to the protocol from my previous experience for C-13 extract preparation such as the homogenization need to be down in the ice and if I don’t mark down, I will forget the next time. I found this is a really good way to do the future experiments because everyone has different memory and usually the detail things will be forgotten after a while and concluding everything again is wasting time and resource, so I learned after each experiment I need to write down my own notice for my future experiment.
后来，我自己为C-13符号心脏预备了两种提取物，一种是通用的C-13葡萄糖符号心脏，另一种是1-C13葡萄糖符号心脏。这是我第2次做提取可是自己榜首次做所以我企图得出更多细节协议从我曾经的经历等c13提取制备均匀化需求在冰和假如我没有记下,下次我会忘掉。我发现这是一个很好的办法关于未来试验，由于每个人都有不同的回忆和一般的细节作业会被忘掉一段时刻后，完毕全部又是浪费时刻和资源，所以我学会了在每个试验后为未来写下留意试验。
On the other hand, after Professor pointed out the main issue relates to my pipette skills, my pipette improved a lot and getting more accurate by then. I know how to centrifuge and how to adjust the units from rpm to rcm. I also know how to change the engine oil and how to use the Lyopholize machine (Labconco model 117), which can directly transfer the solid solution to concentrated powder (temperature mostly -56C and the vacuum level is 0.002 mBr).
另一方面，在助教博士指出首要问题与我的移液管技术有关之后，我的移液管有了很大的前进，到那时，我的移液管变得愈加准确。我知道怎么离心和怎么调整单位从rpm到rcm。我还知道怎么替换机油，怎么运用Lyopholize 机器(Labconco类型117)，它能够直接将固溶体转化为浓缩粉末(温度大多为-56C，真空级别为0.002 mBr)。
Later on, I did a very interesting experiment that I ejected the rat blood to store in 4℃ refrigerator and let the rat heart to the P-31 NMR test. Then I take out the rat heart blood and try to use warm water bath and vortex to dissolve the plasma precipitate down the tube but there is still some precipitate down there so I added 1.5ml Heparin sodium to solve a little bit more and transport to big tube for P-31 NMR test. In this test there are two spectra collected and there are totally 7 peaks. For the comparison, I collected the second tube of sample and added 400ul 75mM Na2HPO4 in 50% D2O and 400u 100mM PPA and centrifuge the blood for 5000 rpm 10min and both the blood the supernant were collected for P-31 NMR test and I only got 4 peaks for supernant and 8 peaks for original sample. For the next time I probably will do the blood NMR test as soon as possible so it will has less precipitation and the results can be more accurate and interesting.
后来，我做了一个十分风趣的试验，我把大鼠的血液喷射到4℃的冰箱中贮存，让大鼠的心脏进行P-31 NMR测验。然后我拿出大鼠心脏血液和测验运用温水沐浴和涡等离子体溶解沉积下来管,但仍有一些沉积下来所以我增加1.5毫升肝素钠处理一点和运送为31页大管核磁共振测验。本试验共采集了两个光谱，共7个峰。经过比较，我采集了第二管样品，在50% D2O中参加400ul 75mM Na2HPO4，在400u 100mM PPA中参加400u Na2HPO4，离心血液5000转/分钟10min，取两个供体的血液进行P-31核磁共振测验，仅取4个供体的峰值和8个原始样本的峰值。下次我可能会赶快做血液NMR测验，这样沉积就会更少，成果也会更准确和风趣。
第二个月
This month is mainly focus on the research project for the PPP (pentose phosphate pathway) activity by doing C-13 NMR in effluents. In the mouse heart perfusion, a small balloon was placed inside and dioxane tube was placed for standard, and the buffer is for beating. As we don’t have D2O inside so we don’t need to do the lock but only do the shim. The temperature was set as 37℃ which is the normal body temperature. In the entire three-hour process, the first 30 min is for C-12 glucose, and the later 60min is for C-13 glucose in normal perfusion, and the last 90 min is for low flow ischemia C-13 glucose perfusion. We collected is second 60min part effluent (E1) and final 90 min effluent (E2) for NMR detection and heart was collected for the MDA assay and the protein assay detection. There are totally 15 hearts in my research so I tested 30 effluents (E1 and E2 for one heart).
这个月首要会集在污水中进行C-13 NMR研讨PPP(戊糖磷酸途径)活性的项目。在小鼠心脏灌注时，将一个小球囊放入其间，规范放置二恶英管，缓冲液用于跳动。由于里边没有D2O所以咱们不需求锁，只需求垫片。温度设定为37℃，为正常体温。在整个3小时的过程中，前30min为C-12葡萄糖，后60min为正常灌注时的C-13葡萄糖，后90min为低流量缺血时的C-13葡萄糖灌注。搜集第二批60min部分出水(E1)和最终一批90min出水(E2)进行NMR检测，搜集心脏进行MDA检测和蛋白检测。在我的研讨中总共有15颗心脏，所以我测验了30种流出物(一颗心脏的E1和E2)。
Basically, after the effluents were lyopholized in Lyopholize machine, 300ul D2O and 5ul dioxane was added, and mostly around 18ul HCL (5N) was added for neutral PH adjustment. There are so many interesting chemicals I detected from NMR: isocitrate, D-hydroxy butyrate, gluconate, citrate, bicarbonate, b-glucose, DHAP(Hydrate), NADH, a-glucose, b-glucose, a-Fructose, b-Fructose, inositol (myo), glycerol, a-atrehalose, glycogen(1->4), glycogen (1->6), malate, Glycerol, lactate, glutamate, glutamine.
基本上,废水在Lyopholize lyopholized机后,增加了300 ul D2O和ul二氧六环,和大部分18 ul盐酸(5 n)增加中性PH值调整。核磁共振检测到许多风趣的化学物质:异柠檬酸、d -羟基丁酸盐、葡萄糖酸盐、柠檬酸盐、碳酸氢盐、b-葡萄糖、DHAP(水合物)、NADH、a-葡萄糖、b-葡萄糖、a-果糖、b-果糖、肌醇(肌醇)、甘油、a-阿特拉糖、糖原(1->4)、糖原(1->6)、苹果酸盐、甘油、乳酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺。
The one we are going to analyze is the lactate third carbon and it has two high peak doublets and one small singlet in the middle. I can directly use the integration in vnmrj software to get the percentage for the singlet, which is standing for the PPP activity for later calculation. Also I did the integration comparison between b-glucose second carbon (chemical shift: 75.2ppm) and the Lactate third carbon to get the protein content (concentration) of the lactate for later calculation. By the rough calculation is peak of the E2 is much higher than E1, which means the lactate concentration in E2 is much higher than E1, so the low flow ischemia perfusion has higher PPP activity.
咱们要剖析的是乳酸三碳它有两个顶峰双峰和一个小单峰在中心。我可直接运用vnmrj软件中的积分，得到单重线的百分比，表明PPP活动，用于今后的核算。并对b-葡萄糖二碳(化学位移:75.2ppm)与乳酸三碳进行积分比较，得到乳酸的蛋白含量(浓度)，供今后核算。大略核算，E2的峰值远高于E1，这意味着E2中的乳酸浓度远高于E1，因而低流量缺血灌注具有较高的PPP活性。
Later on, I prepared the MDA and lowry protein sample for 15 hearts that I did for their effluent detection in C13 NMR. 600ul 1N PCA and 6ul BHT was added to the tissue and homogenize well to collect 100ul for protein assay and rest of the sample was centrifuged to get the supernant for MDA assay. I made the TBA reagent for MDA and each testing tube contains 200ul supernant and 600ul TBA reagent, and all samples need to transfer to special cuvette and do both colorimetric and fluorometric analysis (absorbance at 532nm).
之后，我为15颗心脏预备了MDA和低蛋白样品，并在C13 NMR中对它们的出水进行检测。向安排中参加600ul 1N PCA和6ul BHT，匀浆均匀，取100ul进行蛋白检测，其他离心，取上清液进行MDA检测。我做了MDA的TBA试剂，每根测验管含有200ul上清液和600ul TBA试剂，一切样品需求转移到专用试管中，并进行比色和荧光剖析(532nm吸光度)。
I also learned how to use the software UV Winlab to do the setup and detection, it is better to use the single cell to detect all the sample and standard solution which can has more accurate data. After that I can collect all the data I get from MDA assay, lowry assay, NMR PPP activities and NMR lactate protein content for the calculation and data analysis. The most of the data analysis were done in the Microsoft Excel and the figures and diagrams were from the Prism software, which is very strong software for data analysis.
我还学习了怎么运用UV Winlab软件进行设置和检测，最好运用单细胞检测一切的样品和规范溶液，这样能够有更准确的数据。然后我能够搜集一切我从MDA剖析，lowry剖析，NMR PPP活性和NMR乳酸蛋白含量得到的数据进行核算和数据剖析。大部分的数据剖析都是在Microsoft Excel中完结的，图表都来自Prism软件，这是一个十分强壮的数据剖析软件。
科研论文（节选）
推荐信（节选）
I am writing this letter in support of Ms. W’s application to your esteemed Ph.D. program. Ms. W is a student from the University of R. She participated in the Biochemical Research Program at our university in the summer of 2019, and I was her direct supervisor. It is my belief that she has demonstrated the crucial strengths to be a valuable candidate for your reputable Ph.D. program.
我写这封信是为了支撑W女士请求您敬重的博士项目。W是R大学的一名学生。她于2019年夏天参加了咱们大学研讨方案，我是她的直接主管。我信任她现已展现出了要害的才干，能够成为您闻名的博士学位的名贵提名人。
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Second, I marvel at her great research potential. She was both driven and teachable, willing to invest considerable time and energy into her work and open to receive instructions to refine her skills. After I pointed out the main issue of her pipette skills, she repeatedly practiced a lot and strived to obtain more precise and consistent volumes. Besides, she always wrote down her notice for each experiment, which I think is a quite commendable trait for scientific research. For example, …………. Her extra efforts not only enriched her understanding of related knowledge and operations but also provoked us to think for more effective research methodologies.
其次，我惊叹于她的巨大研讨潜力。她既有干劲又有教养，乐意为作业投入许多时刻和精力，并乐意承受辅导以前进自己的技术。在我指出了移液器技巧的首要问题之后，她重复操练了许多，并尽力取得更准确，更共同的音量。此外，她总是在每次试验中写下自己的告诉，我以为这是科学研讨中值得称赞的特质。例如，…………她现在的试验。她的额定尽力不只丰厚了她对相关常识和操作的了解，还促进咱们考虑更有用的研讨办法。
美国名校科研 |前进学术布景 |助力未来留学请求 |WeChat：lv1239112573
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